Explain White phosphorus in 500 words
White phosphorus is a highly reactive and toxic substance that is commonly used in various industrial and military applications. It is a waxy, yellowish-white solid that emits a faint glow when exposed to air, hence its nickname "white phosphorus."
Chemically, white phosphorus is composed of phosphorus atoms arranged in a tetrahedral structure. Each phosphorus atom is bonded to three other phosphorus atoms, forming a tetrahedron. This arrangement gives white phosphorus its unique properties, including its reactivity and toxicity.
One of the most notable characteristics of white phosphorus is its extreme flammability. It ignites spontaneously when exposed to oxygen, even at room temperature. This property makes it highly useful in military applications, such as smoke screens, incendiary weapons, and tracer ammunition. When white phosphorus is ignited, it produces a dense white smoke that can obscure visibility, providing cover for military operations. Additionally, its ability to burn through materials makes it an effective weapon for destroying enemy structures and equipment.
However, the use of white phosphorus in warfare has been highly controversial due to its devastating effects on human beings. When white phosphorus comes into contact with living tissue, it can cause severe burns and tissue damage. The substance can penetrate clothing and skin, leading to deep and painful burns that are difficult to treat. Inhaling the smoke generated by burning white phosphorus can also cause respiratory issues and lung damage.
Because of these harmful effects, the use of white phosphorus as an incendiary weapon against civilian populations is prohibited under international law. The Protocol III of the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons restricts the use of incendiary weapons, including those containing white phosphorus, in areas with a concentration of civilians. However, its use as a smokescreen or for other military purposes is still permitted.
In addition to military applications, white phosphorus has various industrial uses. It is used in the production of phosphoric acid, which is a key ingredient in fertilizers, detergents, and food additives. White phosphorus is also used in the production of matches, as it can ignite easily when rubbed against a rough surface.
Due to its reactivity and toxicity, handling white phosphorus requires strict safety precautions. It is typically stored underwater or in an inert atmosphere to prevent its exposure to air. When handling white phosphorus, protective clothing and respiratory equipment are necessary to avoid contact with the substance and its fumes.
In conclusion, white phosphorus is a highly reactive and toxic substance with various industrial and military applications. Its extreme flammability makes it useful for military purposes such as smoke screens and incendiary weapons. However, its use against civilian populations is prohibited due to its harmful effects on human beings. White phosphorus is also used in the production of phosphoric acid and matches in the industrial sector. Handling white phosphorus requires strict safety measures to prevent contact with the substance and its toxic fumes.